Kdo je hodil z Adèle de France (née en 1160)?

Aélis de France (ou Adélaïde, Alixou encore Adèle, née le 4 octobre 1160, † apr. janvier 1213), est la fille du roi Louis VII de France (1120-1180) et de sa deuxième épouse, Constance de Castille, qui meurt en accouchant de sa fille.

Rihard I. (8. september 1157 – 6. april 1199) je bil kralj Anglije od leta 1189 do svoje smrti leta 1199. Vladal je tudi kot vojvoda Normandije, Akvitanije in Gaskonje, lord Cipra ter grof Poitiersa, Anjouja, Maine in Nantesa, in bil v istem obdobju v različnih časih vladar Bretanje. Bil je tretji od petih sinov angleškega kralja Henrika II. in Eleanore Akvitanske in zdelo se je malo verjetno, da bo postal kralj, toda vsi njegovi bratje razen najmlajšega Ivana so umrli pred svojim očetom. Rihard je znan kot Richard Cœur de Lion (normansko francosko: Le quor de lion) ali Rihard Levjesrčni zaradi svojega slovesa velikega vojskovodje in bojevnika. Trubadur Bertran de Born ga je imenoval tudi Richard Oc-e-Non (okcitansko za Da in Ne), verjetno zaradi slovesa jedrnatosti.

Pri 16 letih je Richard prevzel poveljstvo nad lastno vojsko in zadušil upore proti očetu v Poitouju. Rihard je bil pomemben krščanski poveljnik med tretjo križarsko vojno, vodil je kampanjo po odhodu Filipa II. Francoskega in dosegel precejšnje zmage proti svojemu muslimanskemu nasprotniku Saladinu, čeprav je dokončal mirovno pogodbo in končal kampanjo, ne da bi ponovno zavzel Jeruzalem.

Richard je verjetno govoril francosko in okcitansko. Rodil se je v Angliji, kjer je preživel otroštvo; preden je postal kralj, pa je večino svojega odraslega življenja preživel v vojvodini Akvitaniji na jugozahodu Francije. Po kronanju je v Angliji preživel zelo malo časa, morda le šest mesecev. Večino svojega kraljevega življenja je preživel na križarskih vojnah, v ujetništvu ali dejavno branil svoje dežele v Franciji. Namesto da bi na svoje kraljestvo gledal kot na odgovornost, ki zahteva njegovo prisotnost kot vladarja, so ga razumeli, kot da ga raje uporablja zgolj kot vir dohodka za podporo svojih vojsk. Kljub temu so ga podložniki imeli za pobožnega junaka. Ostaja eden redkih angleških kraljev, ki se ga pogosteje spominjajo po epitetu kot po vladarski številki in je trajna ikona tako v Angliji kot v Franciji.

Henry II ( (1133-March-05) (1189-July-06)5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189) was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. During his reign he controlled England, substantial parts of Wales and Ireland, and much of France (including Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine), an area that was later called the Angevin Empire, and also held power over Scotland for a time and the Duchy of Brittany.

Henry was the eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. By the age of fourteen, he became politically and militarily involved in his mother's efforts to claim the English throne, at that time held by her cousin Stephen of Blois. Henry's father made him Duke of Normandy in 1150, and upon his father's death in 1151, Henry inherited Anjou, Maine and Touraine. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine brought him control of the Duchy of Aquitaine. Thus, he controlled most of France. Henry's military expedition to England in 1153 resulted in King Stephen agreeing, by the Treaty of Wallingford, to leave England to Henry; he inherited the kingdom at Stephen's death a year later.

Henry was an energetic and ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the royal lands and prerogatives of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign Henry restored the royal administration in England, which had almost collapsed during Stephen's reign, and re-established hegemony over Wales. Henry's desire to control the English Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Soon after his accession, Henry came into conflict with Louis VII of France, his feudal overlord, and the two rulers fought over several decades in what has been termed a "cold war". Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse. Despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached.

Henry and Eleanor had eight children. Three of their sons were kings, Henry the Young King as co-ruler with his father and Richard I and John as sole monarchs. As his sons grew up, Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy their desires for land and immediate power, and tensions rose over the future inheritance of the empire, encouraged by Louis VII and his son Philip II, who ascended to the French throne in 1180. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled against his father. He was subsequently joined in his rebellion by his brothers Richard and Geoffrey as well as their mother. Several European states allied themselves with the rebels, and the Great Revolt was defeated only by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey led another revolt in 1183, during which Young Henry died of dysentery. Geoffrey died in 1186. The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for Henry's youngest son, John. By 1189, Philip swayed Richard to his side, leading to a final rebellion. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by his son Richard.

Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his son John, but many of the changes Henry introduced during his lengthy rule had long-term consequences. Henry's legal reforms are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland shaped the development of their societies, histories, and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. Contemporary chroniclers such as Gerald of Wales and William of Newburgh, though sometimes unfavourable, generally lauded his achievements. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also criticized certain aspects of his private life and treatment of Becket.